Election of 1860 Lincoln Won at Time of National Crisis

The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was perhaps the most significant election in American history. It brought Lincoln to power at a time of great national crisis, as the country was coming apart over the issue of slavery.   The electoral win by Lincoln, the candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party, prompted the slave states of the American South to begin serious discussions about secession. In the months between Lincolns election and his inauguration in March 1861 the slave states began seceding. Lincoln thus took power in a country which had already fractured. Key Takeaways: The Election of 1860 The United States was in crisis, and it was inevitable that the election of 1860 would be focused on the issue of slavery.Abraham Lincoln began the year in relative obscurity, but a speech in New York City in February helped make him a credible candidate.Lincolns greatest rival for the Republican Partys nomination, William Seward, was out-maneuvered at the partys nominating convention.Lincoln won the election by running against three opponents, and his victory in November prompted slave states to begin leaving the Union. Only a year earlier Lincoln had been an obscure figure outside his own state. But he was a very capable politician, and shrewd strategy and deft moves at critical times moved him into being a leading candidate for the Republican nomination. And the remarkable circumstance of a four-way general election helped make his November victory possible. Background to the Election of 1860 The central issue of the presidential election of 1860 was destined to be slavery. Battles over the spread of slavery to new territories and states had gripped the United States since the late 1840s, when the United States obtained vast tracts of land following the Mexican War. In the 1850s the slavery issue became extremely heated. The passage of the Fugitive Slave act as part of the Compromise of 1850 inflamed northerners. And the 1852 publication of an extraordinarily popular novel, Uncle Toms Cabin, brought the political debates over slavery into American living rooms. And the passage of the of the  Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854  became a turning point in Lincolns life. Following the passage of the controversial legislation,  Abraham Lincoln, who had essentially given up on politics after one unhappy term in Congress in the late 1840s, felt compelled to return to the political arena. In his home state of Illinois, Lincoln began speaking out against the Kansas-Nebraska Act and particularly its author, Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. When Douglas ran for reelection in 1858, Lincoln opposed him in Illinois. Douglas won that election. But the seven Lincoln-Douglas Debates they held across Illinois were mentioned in newspapers around the country, raising Lincoln’s political profile. In late 1859, Lincoln was invited to give a speech in New York City. He crafted an address denouncing slavery and its spread, which he delivered at the Cooper Union in Manhattan. The speech was a triumph and made Lincoln an overnight political star in New York City. Lincoln Sought the Republican Nomination in 1860 Lincoln’s ambition to become undisputed leader of the Republicans in Illinois began to evolve into a desire to run for the Republican nomination for president. The first step was to gain the support of the Illinois delegation at the state Republican convention in Decatur in early May 1860. Lincoln supporters, after talking to some of his relatives, located a fence Lincoln had helped build 30 years earlier. Two rails from the fence were painted with pro-Lincoln slogans and were dramatically carried into the Republican state convention. Lincoln, who was already known by the nickname â€Å"Honest Abe,† was now called the â€Å"rail candidate. Lincoln grudgingly accepted the new nickname of The Rail Splitter. He actually did not like being reminded of the manual labor he had performed in his youth, but at the state convention he managed to joke about splitting fence rails. And Lincoln did get the support of the Illinois delegation to the Republican National Convention. Lincoln's Strategy Succeeded at the 1860 Republican Convention in Chicago The Republican Party held its 1860 convention later that May in Chicago, in Lincoln’s home state. Lincoln himself did not attend. At that time it was thought unseemly for candidates to chase after political office, and so he stayed at home in Springfield, Illinois. At the convention, the favorite for the nomination was William Seward, a senator from New York. Seward was ardently anti-slavery, and his speeches against slavery on the floor of the U.S. Senate were widely known. At the beginning of 1860, Seward had a much higher national profile than Lincoln. The political supporters Lincoln dispatched to the Chicago convention in May had a strategy: they assumed that if Seward could not win the nomination on the first ballot, Lincoln might gain votes on later ballots. The strategy was based on the notion that Lincoln had not offended any particular faction of the party, as some other candidates had, therefore people could come together around his candidacy. The Lincoln plan worked. On the first ballot Seward did not have enough votes for a majority, and on the second ballot Lincoln gained a number of votes but there was still no winner. On the third ballot of the convention, Lincoln won the nomination. Back home in Springfield, Lincoln visited the office of a local newspaper on May 18, 1860, and received the news by telegraph. He walked home to tell his wife Mary that he would be the Republican nominee for president. The 1860 Presidential Campaign Between the time Lincoln was nominated and the election in November, he had little to do. Members of political parties held rallies and torchlight parades, but such public displays were considered beneath the dignity of the candidates. Lincoln did appear at one rally in Springfield, Illinois in August. He was mobbed by an enthusiastic crowd and was lucky not to have been injured. A number of other prominent Republicans traveled the country campaigning for the ticket of Lincoln and his running mate, Hannibal Hamlin, a Republican senator from Maine. William Seward, who had lost the nomination to Lincoln, embarked on a western swing of campaigning and paid a brief visit to Lincoln in Springfield. Senator Stephen Douglas. Stock Montage/Getty Images The Rival Candidates in 1860 In the 1860 election, the Democratic Party split into two factions. The northern Democrats nominated Lincoln’s perennial rival, Senator Stephen A. Douglas. The southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckenridge, the incumbent vice president, a pro-slavery man from Kentucky. Those who felt they could support neither party, mainly disaffected former Whigs and members of the Know-Nothing Party, formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. The Election of 1860 The presidential election was held on November 6, 1860. Lincoln did very well in the northern states, and though he garnered less than 40 percent of the popular vote nationwide, he won a landslide victory in the electoral college. Even if the Democratic Party had not fractured, it is likely Lincoln still would have won due to his strength in states heavy with electoral votes. Ominously, Lincoln did not carry any southern states. Importance of the Election of 1860 The 1860 election proved to be one of the most momentous in American history as it came at a time of national crisis, and brought Abraham Lincoln, with his known anti-slavery views, to the White House. Indeed, Lincoln’s trip to Washington was literally fraught with trouble, as rumors of assassination plots swirled and he had to be heavily guarded during his train trip from Illinois to Washington. The issue of secession was being talked about even before the 1860 election, and Lincolns election intensified the move in the South to split with the Union. And when Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, it seemed obvious that the nation was on an inescapable path toward war. Indeed, the Civil War began the next month with the attack on Fort Sumter.

Gold in the Yukon and Naturalism Jack London’s Novella...

Imagine this: Gold was just discovered in the Yukon Territory of Canada, and many gold miners rush to the North to see if they can strike rich. However, in order to do so, they need big, strong dogs with warm coats to protect them from the biting cold. As a result, a dog from the sunny state of California is dog napped and taken to be sold to anyone who is willing to buy him. When the dog is sold, he is shipped to the cold North. As he gets out of the boat, a chilling wind runs past him and, he realizes that he isn’t in California anymore. As the dog continues to live life with the other sled dogs, he realizes that in the North only the toughest can survive. The very same happens to Buck, a half St. Bernard and half sheepdog, in Jack†¦show more content†¦He explodes with rage and kills many of the Indians before he escapes into the wild and lives the rest of his life as the leader of a pack of wolves. Throughout the novella, many characteristics of Naturalism arise in cluding the time, the geographical location, and the concept of survival of the fittest. One characteristic of Naturalism in the novella is the time in which the story takes place. In the North, men begin to find gold in what is called the Klondike gold rush. Other men rush to the North in order to get rich. However, in order to travel throughout the land, they require many strong and furry-coated dogs to pull their sleds. This leads to Buck’s kidnapping and his adventures in the North. In the beginning of the novel, the narrator says, â€Å"...men, groping in the Arctic darkness, had found a yellow metal, and because steamship and transportation companies were booming the find, thousands of men were rushing into the Northland. These men wanted dogs, and the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs, with strong muscles by which to toil, and furry coats to protect them from the frost.† (1) This shows that time plays an important role in the novel because the gold rush requires many dogs like Buck since many men went up North to strike it rich and they needed a way i n which they could transport themselves and their supplies. Manuel kidnaps Buck because the gold rush offered him a chance to sell Buck and get money. Since Manuel sells Buck,

Buffer System Free Essays

Buffer systems * prevent major changes in pH of body fluids by removing or releasing H+ * act quickly to prevent excessive changes in H+ concentration. Body’s major extracellular buffer system is â€Å"bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system†. There are 20 parts of (HCO3) to one part of (H2CO3). We will write a custom essay sample on Buffer System or any similar topic only for you Order Now —- [20:1]. When the ratio is no longer maintained, it will result to acid-base imbalance. Carbon dioxide is a potential acid; when dissolved in water, it becomes carbonic acid. Lungs under the control of medulla control the CO2, and thus the carbonic content of ECF. They do so by adjusting ventilation in response to the amount of CO2 in the blood. A rise in PaCO2 is powerful response to stimulant. Respiratory Compensation * is a mechanism by which plasma pH can be altered by varying the  respiratory rate. * breathing  is altered to modify the amount of CO2  in circulation. Kidneys regulate bicarbonate level in the ECF; they can regenerate bicarbonate ions as well as reabsorb them from renal tubules. Renal compensation for imbalances is relatively slow (a matter of hours or days). The kidneys have two important roles in the maintaining of the acid-base balance: 1. to reabsorb bicarbonate 2. to excrete hydrogen ions into urine. Bicarbonate Buffer System * 2 components (H2CO3) carbonic acid, a weak acid and (NaHCO3) a weak base. * 1. If a potential pH change is created by a strong acid, the ff. takes place: HCL + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2CO3 (strong acid) (weak acid) 2. If a potential pH changes is created by strong base, the ff. reaction takes place: NaOH + H2CO3 H2O + NaHCO3 (strong base) (weak base) How to cite Buffer System, Papers

The Story Flight

Question: Did Pepe ever become a man in the story Flight written by John Steinbeck? Answer: The story Flight reveals the tale of Pepe who happens to be a happy teenager and is described as an easygoing person who generally remains lazy. His mother Mamma Torres waits for him to grow up and actually become a man. He commits a murder on one instance and as expressed by the narrator, he does become a man (Bloom). This particular murder was committed by him using the knife of his father. Mamma Torres often compares her son Pepe to her hardworking husband who is no more alive. When in the story Pepe wields his fathers knife, it symbolizes his completion of childhood and entrance into manhood. He made use of the knife in the same way as his father but the only difference was that he used the knife with intent to kill a person. In the initial part of the story, Pepes mother was represented as a total caregiver of Pepe who scolds him but at the same time also feeds him. She takes care of Pepe and looks after all his requirements. Steinbeck uses the maternal figure in the story to convey the idea that Pepe actually grew up to become a man. In spite of giving him all the care, when Pepe goes to the city all alone, his mother confers a greater sense of responsibility on him. She gives up her hold on the family and in order to transform her son to a man, she bestows greater responsibilities over him. Pepe on the other hand, uses this opportunity with full enthusiasm and rather than getting through a small journey, he is made to confront death (Steinbeck). Pepes mother had put in a lot of trust over him and ultimately he succeeds in keeping through that trust. He leaves his boyhood behind and makes his journey. Steinbeck has very judiciously used characterization in order to convey the reflective change that took place in Pepe. Pepe, who once happened to be a lazy, euphoric teenager, metamorphoses into an entirely different person. The narrator in the story clearly indicates that He was changed. He further continues to state that There was no laughter in them (eyes) any more or any bashfulness. They were sharp and bright and more purposeful (Steinbeck and Covici). Under the influence of this changed being, Pepe is forced by his instincts to leave his home, his dear siblings, brothers and sisters and most importantly he leaves his mother. He tries hard to keep up the light of manhood that radiates from him. After being left out in the world around him, he has a total absence of security that he used to get in his home. The outside big world extends no shelter to him. This instinct of self realization in the life of Pepe continues till the end of the narration of the story (Steinbeck and WikstroÃÅ'ˆm). It primarily focuses on the survival strategies which Pepe resorts to in his exposure to the outer world after he becomes a man. References Bloom, Harold.John Steinbeck. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Print. Steinbeck, John, and Karin WikstroÃÅ'ˆm.Flight. [Covelo, Calif. (P.O. Box 156, Covelo, Calif. 95428)]: Yolla Bolly Press, 1984. Print. Steinbeck, John, and Pascal Covici.The Portable Steinbeck. New York: Viking Press, 1971. Print. Steinbeck, John.The Grapes Of Wrath And Other Writings, 1936-1941. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1996. Print.

The Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia Accidents an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

The Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia Accidents by Expert TheSmartwriter | 23 Nov 2016 It has been claimed that the engineers were to blame for both the Challenger and Columbia Space Shuttle accidents and we shall, therefore, look into the failure on the part of management and the extent to which they are responsible for the failures of the two missions. Need essay sample on "The Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia Accidents" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Space programs have enormous implications, pressure and expectations as regards the result as in countries like America the whole is usually watching. This paper I will argue that the decision-making power on whether to launch or not should be made by the engineers and not the management as they are in a better position to establish whether a space shuttle can be launched without the risk of accidents. Our Customers Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists propose: Don't Waste Your Time As per the investigations that have been carried out into the causes of both the Challenger and Columbia disaster the management was found to have played a role in the disaster. The NASA management in the case of the Space Shuttle Challenger was found to have ignored safety concerns raised by the engineers. Therefore it is, therefore, safe to say that if the management had paid attention to the concern raised by the engineers the accident would not have taken place. The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster was attributed to structural flaws though in almost all previous missions a foam insulator had broken off but had not caused any significant amount of damage. However, in this particular case, the chief thermal protection system engineer and other engineers raised concern but the managers did not respond. The Space Shuttle Challenger burst into flames just 73 seconds after launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida, killing all seven crew on board. This was caused by the failure of the O-ring in the right Solid Rocket Booster at liftoff. The O-ring is a rubber ring which seals the joint around the connection point between the Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) and the Hydrogen tank. The failure of the O-ring was attributed to low temperatures, close to 31F (1C), at the launch which was below the minimum temperature permitted for launch. The engineers at Morton Thiokol, the contractor responsible for the construction and maintenance of the shuttles SRBs, had raised concern that the temperature would affect the resilience of the rubber O-rings and that they did not the data necessary to establish whether the joint would seal properly. This was discussed by the engineers and managers at Morton Thiokol, NASA managers from the Kennedy Space Center and those from the Marshall Space Flight Center. The concerns were not heeded by the Morton Thiokol management who recommended that the launch proceeds as scheduled. NASAs managers pressured the Morton Thiokol management by requiring them to prove that the launch was unsafe rather than prove it was safe and since they were unable to prove that the launch would unsafe their concern and recommendation was totally disregarded. The launch proceeded as planned and barely 2 minutes into the flight, the Challenger burst into flame killing all the seven crew onboard. Subsequent investigation revealed that the O-rings were responsible for the tragedy and further investigation revealed that the failure was caused by the failure of the O-rings to seal the joint between the srbs. This, therefore, points to a breach of engineering ethics and negligence on the part of the management both at NASA and at Morton Thiokol, and thus they were entire to blame for the tragedy. The Space Shuttle Columbia burst into flames during its re-entry into the earths atmosphere only 16 minutes before it was scheduled to land at CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida. This was attributed to the damage caused when a piece of foam insulation broke off the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing during liftoff. The foam piece is said to have struck the leading edge of the left wing which damaged the Shuttles Thermal Protection system (TPS) which shields the Shuttle from the extreme heat generated as a result of friction between the Shuttle and the earths atmosphere during re-entry. The NASA manager back on earth downplayed the extent of the damage caused by the insulation foam and went on to make a statement that it was not a safety threat, they even declined to request from other agencies claiming that nothing could be done. This not withstanding the engineers should have gone on and taken the images they required to establish whether This was an outright poor management decision by Lind Ham, head of the Space Shuttle Managers, as she declined several requests made by NASA engineers for high-resolution images of the left wing to be taken to establish the exact extent of the damage. The managers also rejected the idea to have an image of the shuttle's left wing taken before re-entry. This was attributed to the managers low level of concern and their one minded decision to have the mission continue, this made the engineers found themselves in a position similar that of those responsible for the Challenger in that they were required to prove that the situation was unsafe rather the norm which was to prove that the situation was safe. Therefore though this tragedy was mostly attributed to structural flaws the management could not be let off the hook as they had to try and come up with a solution. The problem, in this case, is that though the engineers tried to do something nothing could be done as the final decision was reserved to the Space Shuttle Program management. Decision-making on whether a shuttle should be launched or not should be made by the engineers and not the management. It was evidence in the case of the Challenger whereby the decision making was left to the management who in trying to comply with their launch schedule disregarded the safety concerns raised by the engineers both at NASA and at Morton Thiokol. The management can be said to have been driven by the fear of having any more delays as this would make them look incompetent and they were, therefore, afraid that they would lose funding which they received from the government. The NASA management was fully briefed of the danger that was posed by proceeding with the launch in those kinds of temperatures. They were even part of the group, include engineers from the Kennedy Space Center and Marshall Space Flight Center, that discussed what would be the outcome if the shuttle was launched in such conditions to which the engineers responded that they did not have enough information to determine whether the O-ring would seal the SRB joint properly. This should serve as enough evidence that such kind of decision should not be left to people who do not have the safety concerns of their colleagues as the top priority no matter the stake. It should be noted that where an engineer(s) raise concern, the mission should not go any further until those concerns have been addressed and there is no other concern or doubt on the performance of any of the equipment on the shuttle(s). The managers also find themselves in very difficult situations as in most situations they are under pressure to deliver in the provided time failure to which they will be assumed to be incompetent and not capable of delivery. The Space Exploration program is considered to be a symbol of Americas intellectual power and also serves as a show of its might and it is used as a way to remind the rest of the world that America is still the most developed country in all facets. Therefore in cases where the managers are under tremendous amounts of pressure, they tend to downplay small hitches which involve overlooking engineering ethics and order the continuation of the mission so that they can come out as being able to deliver this acts as a boost when they seek funding (Charles, 2008). Therefore as per the evidence that was tendered in investigation into both the Columbia and Challenger disasters the decision to launch should be an engineering decision and not a managerial decision as in the case studies above the management disregarded very credible concerns by the management which if heeded even if not in the Columbia case would have prevented the disaster. Reference Charles, B. (2008). Engineering Ethics. New Jersey : Pearson/Prentice Hall

No Child Left Behind essays

No Child Left Behind essays In a perfect world all children would be equal, and they would learn without any reservation throughout their school career, but the world is not perfect and unfortunately our nations children come from diverse backgrounds that prevent such an equal school environment. As a future educator I have learned that all children are unique and diverse. Every child learns in his or her own manner, and many children are diagnosed with learning disabilities and handicaps which create obstacles in the learning cycle. Prior to taking Foundations of Education, I did not know much about the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act that President Bush put into effect in 2001. On the surface this legislation appears like an answer to many of educations problems and deficiencies, but after taking a closer look through class discussions and readings I have realized this is not a miracle to our nations education issues. The NCLB Act is based on positive principles at its core, but it is not a solution to t he problems our nations schools face. In this paper I will state my opposition to this legislation because of its basis on standardized testing as the foundation for measuring our nations schools, teachers, and students. I will investigate this legislation and its effect on everyone involved. The act calls for no child to be left behind, but is this idea truly feasible with the resources available to our nations school systems? In 2001, the federal government enacted the No Child Left Behind Act due to the falling education levels of American children in the global community. The NCLB Act was introduced to further the principles of the Elementary and Secondary Education (ESEA) Act of 1965. The ESEA was implemented to provide aid to disadvantaged students and to invest in educational research and development (iedx.org). The NCLB Act holds school systems, individual schools, and teachers responsible for...

Targeted Work Class Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Targeted Work Class - Research Paper Example Wal-Mart is capable of achieving these objectives while still maintaining and improving profitability and market share. This work processes will be met by the linking of work groups and their processes in the internal customer and supply chains (Dreher & Dougherty, 2001). Once this is achieved, this linked functional work processes will become the major cross functional processes by which Wal-Mart’s externally focused business objectives will be met. This paper will examine the work processes and key employees of Wal-Mart stores. It will further discuss the changes that Wal-Mart will make in line with the strategic challenges it might experience in the future. This will include the types of workforce needed, the knowledge, skills and appropriate abilities. The compensation and benefits of Wal-Mart Stores will also be given. It is worth noting that these key cross functional business processes will be highly dependent on the way in which the management at Wal-Mart will structur e these processes. This can be done in two ways; through the delivery processes and the support processes. Delivery processes, in this case, refers to the customer facing processes while the support processes are those that are required to sustain the delivery functions. The delivery processes, at Wal-Mart, will involve the product service development process, customer order process and product service maintenance process. The product service development process headed by the Products Development Manager will ensure the development of new product offerings from the concept, all the way through research, development, introduction and update, to the withdrawal from the market. The customer order process headed by the Customer Care Manager will involve the requirements of customers for products or services from the moment the customer enquires all through the distribution and sale. The product service maintenance process headed by the Product Development Manager will be the provision o f the after sale services and support (Dreher & Dougherty, 2001). One the other hand, the support processes will entail the human resource acquisition process and the business management process. The human resource acquisition process will be headed by the Human Resource Manager whose job will be to provide and maintain Wal-Mart’s personnel from manpower, planning, skills profile, recruitment, induction, training to development. The HRM will also be in charge of succession plans, motivation, appraisals, disciplinary actions, termination, retirement and pension administration (Andersen & Narus, 1999). The business management process headed by the Business Manager will be in charge of the process of managing the business operations from defining the future vision and mission of Wal-Mart to developing long term business plans, defining the business objectives, annual opportunities and financial planning. The Business Manager will also monitor performance and provide functional g uidance and direction to business plans review and revision. Wal-Mart will have to change in order to meet its strategic challenges in the future by being attentive to the customers and the market. Through information generated during the strategic management work process, they will be able to gather customer requirements related to the strategic challenges they face (Dreher & Dougher